Tiong Bahru is a distinctive housing estate and subzone within the Bukit Merah planning area, situated in the Central Region of Singapore. Renowned as one of the oldest public housing estates in Singapore, Tiong Bahru is a living testament to the city-state’s rich historical tapestry and urban evolution.
Historical Origins
1. Early History and Name Origin
Tiong Bahru's name, derived from the Hokkien term “thióng” (塚), meaning "tomb" or "cemetery," and the Malay word “bahru” (新), meaning "new," translates to "new cemetery." This name reflects the area’s history as it was once adjacent to the Heng San Teng Burial Ground, an old Chinese cemetery located where the Singapore General Hospital stands today.
In the 1920s, the Singapore Improvement Trust (SIT), the precursor to the Housing Development Board (HDB), acquired 70 acres of land in Tiong Bahru. This land was chosen as a test case for a public housing estate aimed at addressing the housing shortage in colonial Singapore. The area was hilly, swampy, and populated by squatters, including those engaged in pig-breeding and other informal activities. The SIT's task was to clear cemeteries and displace approximately 2,000 squatters to level the terrain for construction.
2. Development of the First Public Housing Estate
The first block of SIT flats, known as Block 55, was completed in December 1936. This block featured a mixed-use design with commercial shops on the ground floor and residential flats above, a typology similar to traditional shophouses. The initial rent of $25 per month was considered high, leading to many vacant flats. Despite this, the area was described by early resident Tan Mok Lee as peaceful.
Architectural Evolution
1. Pre-War Architecture
The pre-war flats in Tiong Bahru were designed by Alfred G. Church, a British architect appointed by the colonial government. These buildings, constructed between 1936 and 1939, were influenced by the Art Deco movement and featured the Streamline Moderne style. This architectural style is characterized by curved horizontal lines and a streamlined appearance, evoking the machine age of automobiles. The distinctive design led locals to refer to the buildings as "fei ji lou" or "aeroplane flats."
2. Post-War Developments
The Second World War brought significant challenges to Tiong Bahru. The area was subjected to bombings and occupation by Japanese soldiers, who used the flats for various purposes, including brothels and gambling dens. In response to the post-war housing crisis, SIT initiated a three-year housing program, resulting in the construction of 1,258 new flats in Tiong Bahru. These post-war flats were designed with an International Style, featuring cleaner lines and modern materials like steel, glass, and concrete. Tropical elements such as higher ceilings and large windows were incorporated to improve the living conditions.
Cultural Landmarks and Community Life
1. Heritage and Conservation
In 2003, recognizing Tiong Bahru’s historical and architectural significance, the Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) designated twenty blocks of pre-WWII flats for conservation. This initiative aimed to preserve the estate’s unique character and historical value. The conservation area includes 36 units of shophouses on Outram Road, reflecting the blend of residential and commercial functions that characterized the original design.
2. The Tiong Bahru Market
The Tiong Bahru Market, also known as Seng Poh Market, has been a central feature of the estate’s community life. Originally built in 1945 on Tiong Poh Road, the market was named after Khoo Tiong Poh, a prominent Hokkien merchant. The market served as a vital hub for local trade, offering a variety of goods, including fresh produce and street foods. Due to space constraints and the need for modernization, the market was rebuilt in 2006 as a two-story concrete structure. The new market includes both a wet market and retail stalls, continuing to serve as a community gathering place and a showcase of local heritage.
3. The Bird Corner and Community Activities
In the 1980s, a "bird corner" at the junction of Seng Poh Road and Tiong Bahru Road became a popular meeting spot for bird enthusiasts. This informal gathering place allowed owners of songbirds to connect and share their passion. The bird corner was later disrupted by the construction of the Link Hotel but was revitalized in 2008 with the reopening of a space for hanging birdcages.
In 2010, the estate was featured in a Civic Life film by Irish filmmakers Joe Lawlor and Christine Molloy, highlighting the community and its vibrant culture. The film involved 150 volunteers and premiered at the National Museum of Singapore, further emphasizing Tiong Bahru’s role as a cultural and historical icon.
Modern Transformation
1. Gentrification and Trendy Appeal
Since the mid-2000s, Tiong Bahru has undergone rapid gentrification. The area has transformed into a trendy hotspot, attracting millennials and high-income residents due to its proximity to the Central Business District (CBD) and its unique blend of historical charm and modern amenities. The neighborhood is now known for its stylish cafes, indie boutiques, and a thriving art community. Murals and art-centric shops contribute to the area’s eclectic and contemporary vibe, juxtaposed against the backdrop of pre-war architecture.
2. Contemporary Amenities
Tiong Bahru boasts several modern amenities that cater to its diverse population. The Tiong Bahru Plaza is a key shopping center in the area, providing retail and dining options. Additionally, the Tiong Bahru Park, covering 3.3 hectares, offers green spaces for recreation. Zhangde Primary School and Alexandra Primary School serve the educational needs of the community, while the nearby Singapore General Hospital provides healthcare services.
Cultural and Religious Sites
1. Qi Tian Gong Temple
The Qi Tian Gong Temple, located on Eng Hoon Street, is dedicated to the Monkey God. It is a significant cultural and religious site in Tiong Bahru, known for its grand celebrations during the 16th day of the 1st and 8th Lunar Months. The temple hosts lion and dragon dances, as well as performances of Chinese street opera, reflecting the rich cultural traditions of the area.
2. Kim Lan Beo Temple
Another notable religious site is the Kim Lan Beo Temple along Kim Tian Road. Originally founded in 1830 at Tanjong Pagar, the temple was relocated to Kim Tian Road in 1988. It serves as a center for the local Chinese community’s spiritual and cultural practices.
Transport and Accessibility
Tiong Bahru is well-connected to the rest of Singapore through various transport options:
- MRT Stations: The estate is served by the Tiong Bahru MRT station on the East-West Line and the Havelock MRT station on the Thomson-East Coast Line. These stations provide convenient access to key parts of the city.
- Bus Services: Several bus routes connect Tiong Bahru to other regions of Singapore. The Bukit Merah Bus Interchange and Kampong Bahru Bus Terminal are nearby, facilitating easy travel within the city.
Tiong Bahru stands as a unique and vibrant district in Singapore, blending historical significance with modern living. From its origins as a pioneering public housing estate to its current status as a trendy and culturally rich neighborhood, Tiong Bahru offers a fascinating glimpse into Singapore’s urban development and cultural evolution. The estate’s pre-war architecture, community spirit, and contemporary appeal make it a cherished part of Singapore’s heritage, reflecting both the city-state’s past and its dynamic present.